The effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant and animal cells

•The solution with higher solute
concentration is said to be hypertonic
(‘hyper’:more)
•The solution with a lower solute

•Solutions in which the concentration of solute are equal are said to be isotonic(‘iso’: equal)

Animal and plant cells in an isotonic solutions

Animal and plant cells in a hypotonic solutions

1. When plant cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution water

diffuses into the large central vacoule by osmosis

2. The solution outside of the cell is less concentrated than the inside of the cell

3. The large central vacoule expands, causing the cell to swell

4. In this condition, the cell is said to be turgid and firm as a result of the net flow of water into the cell

5. The plant cell does not burst because the rigid cell wall is strong enough to resist the increasing pressure within

6. The swelling plant cell in a hypotonic creates turgor pressure within the cell. This pressure prevents the cell from taking I too
much water and bursting as an animal cell would

7. Turgor pressure is very important to plant cells as it supports and maintains the shape of the cells

Animal and plant cells in a hypertonic solutions

In animal cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell.

This causes the cell to shrink.

In red blood cell, the cell shrivel and the plasma
membrane crinkles up.

The cell has undergone crenation.

In plant cell, water diffuse

out of vacuole through osmosis. Both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and plasma

membrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis). The cell becomes flaccid. The

flaccidity causes the plant to become limp and stem to drop (wilting). The cell can

deplasmolysed by immersing it back to a hypotonic solution.

Wilting of plant

•Wilting occurs in plants when too much fertilizers like potassium nitrate is

given. Too much fertilizers cause the soil to turn hypertonic to the plant cell.

As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and the
cell is plasmolysed. Water shortage in soil also causes the plant to wilt.

Food preservation

Food preservatives (salt and sugar). The preservative makes the surroundings

more hypertonic to the food and causes water to leave through osmosis. The

es dehydrated. Microbes loses water to the surrounding and dies.

here is the pictures about 🙂 take a view .

An illustration of water movement in hypertonic and hypotonic solution

Passive transport:-

Diffusion

Facillated Diffusion

Osmosis

Diffusion – The movement of ions or molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

(Down a concentration  gradient)

Factors influencing the rate of diffusion:-

a)Concentration gradient – Increased rate .

b)Membrane permeability – Increased rate.

c)Increased surface area – Increased rate.

d)Increased molecular weight – Decreased rate.

e)Increased thickness of membrane – Decreased rate.

Osmosis - Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high water concentration to
                    a region of lower water concentration thought a semi permeable membrane.

Facillated diffusion – Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.

– Similar to simple diffusion but the rate of diffusion is greatly accelerated by the action membrane proteins that act as

carrier molecules and aid in diffusion.

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Active transport :-

Active transport

a)Transport of a substance (protein) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

b)Transport across a cell membrane which requires energy generated by the hydrolysis of some energy carrier (usually ATP).

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Structure of Plasma Membrane

1. Most of the plasma membrane contains phospholipids in a lipid bilayer
         a. The polar ends are hydrophilic (dissolve in water easily) while the
              fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (dissolve in water with difficulty). 
     2. Plasma membrane is more structurally complex than a lipid bilayer.
          a. Numerous proteins are imbedded in the lipid bilayer that have 
              many different functions.  
               1)  act as ion channels, as in nerve function
               2)  act as a receptor for a hormone/neurotransmitter
               3)  are carrier molecules for specific substances
               4)  docking proteins for vesicle identification
               5)  glycoproteins are markers for cell-cell identification.
     3. Cholesterol embedded in the membrane provides membrane fluidity.

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